Maybe what we are interested to measure cannot be summarised in a single question, measuring a healthy lifestyle or wellbeing, for example. While some things we want to measure are simple and can be asked in a single question, for example “ How do you intend to vote?” or “ Do you plan to go to university?“, we may actually wish to consider a broader perspective, for example political views or future aspirations. In the same way that thermometers measure temperature and pH meters measure acidity, surveys can measure behaviours, attitudes and opinions. As such, surveys can be viewed as a measurement instrument. We invariably use surveys because we want to measure something, for example, how frequently people exercise, voting intentions, the percentage of your customers that would recommend you to a friend. On a parting note, a good understanding of the concepts of internal, external, and ecological validity is necessary to properly design and conduct studies and to evaluate the merits and applications of published research.Questionnaire surveys are a useful tool used to gather information from respondents in a wide variety of contexts self-reported outcomes in healthcare, customer insight/satisfaction, product preferences in market research.
How much less ecological validity, then, would research in animal models of different neuropsychiatric states have for patients in clinical practice? This explains why drugs that work in animal models often fail in humans. In fact, these cognitive and psychomotor tests, especially when based on computerized tasks, have no parallel in everyday life. Thus, laboratory studies of the neuropsychological and psychomotor impairments produced by psychotropic drugs have poor ecological validity because what is studied in relaxed, rested, and healthy subjects tested in a controlled environment is very different from demands that stressed patients face in everyday life. Ecological validity was originally invoked in the context of laboratory studies that required to be generalized to real-life situations.
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